Patterns are found everywhere in nature and in our built world. Shapes repeated over and over again in Interlocking patterns are called tessellations. To tessellate means to form or arrange small shapes in a checkered or mosaic pattern. The original shape known as the fundamental, or primary cell is repeated to fit together exactly without gaps or overlaps.
Early tessellations from ancient cultures were made of square tiles. Johannes Kepler was the first to write about tessellations in 1619; he wrote about the two dimensional covering of a plane with interlocking polygons. In 1891, E. S. Fedorov proved 17 different groups of isometries (or ways of repeating polygonal tiles in a plane). Today scientists and mathematicians study symmetry issues of tessellations for use in quantum mechanics. Designers use tessellations in the design of objects, systems, and environments.
Power up with pattern! Try to tessellate!
Activity 1 – Create a Puzzle Tessellation
The artist M.C. Escher is famous for many of his tessellations of irregular shapes, including fish to birds, even lizards. Research Escher’s tessellations using some of the websites listed below and create one of your own. Any shape is possible. Remember to make a primary cell and a mate. Cut the pieces out of cardboard and color. Use your imagination!
Tessellate!
Activity 2 – Create a Tessellation
You can possess the power of pattern! All things are connected! Take a piece of cardboard or foam board and draw a grid of nine rectangles. Draw a line across the bottom of the middle rectangle that goes above and below the line (see example). Copy this line along the top of the rectangle. Cut this shape out. You have created a primary cell! Take this shape and place it in the center of a new piece of paper with a light grid of the same size rectangles drawn on it. Trace around the shape. Pick up the shape and fit it like a puzzle piece above your drawing and trace it again. Now pick it up and place it below the drawing and trace it again. Continue to trace around the shape each time to create a pattern like the one shown. Color the shapes in different colors. Turn one thing into another.
Tessellate!
Activity 3 – create an eco tessellation!
Now that you know the tricks of tessellations, try making an ‘eco tessellation’. An eco tessellation can either combine two things from the natural or two things from the built environment that are connected. Or you can connect something from the built environment to the natural environment, or vice versa! Think about things to combine. Make a list like this:
city country
single house apartment houses
soil worms
water people
fish birds
Experiment with shapes and colors. Think about relationships and improving relationships between things that you know and things that grow.
Eco-Tessellate!!
Review
- Mosaics are made of square shaped tiles.
- To tessellate means to piece together.
- The primary cell is the first shape in a tessellation.
- Bathroom tiles are sometimes an example of a tessellation.
- Kepler first wrote about tessellations in 1619.
Explore
- BBC
- BBC BITESIZE Tesselations
- Design a Tesselation Online (Square Grid)
- Design a Tesselation Online (Triangle Grid)
- Escher Web Sketch & Crystallography
- Illumination Tesselation Creator
- Illumination Tessellations Creator (requires Java)
- Match Cats Tesselation Town
- Math in Art Tesselations
- Math is Fun Tesselation
- M.C Escher
- Paper Tesselations
- PBS Can' Wait to Tesselate!
- PBS Let's Tesselate (Grades 1-3)
- Pinterest Tesselations Collection
- Tesselations Cool MAth 4 KIds
- Tesselations & Types of Symmetry
- Tessellation Tutorials
- Translation, Rotation, Reflection
- Video TEDed Geometry of Islamic Design